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My first quick check is battery voltage, but my batteries are side mounded and very easy to check. 12.75 volts is what I use for fully charged on an average temp day at least 12 hours after any charging operaton. Next if I turn the key and nothing happens, I have 2 choices. I either go back to the voltmeter and check the coil drive terminal at the starter solenoid (on top of my starter, the small term) or take a pair of common pliers and just jump across the big terminals on the same solenoid and see if I get an electrical racket and hear some kind of life, including an attempt at starting. What happens here determines if I chase down the big wire ckt or the small control wire ckt. Running your diesel for 5 sec and dieing, as you know, has nothing to do with your tractor's electrical system (no electricity involved in the diesel process) unless you have an electrical fuel shut off valve (mine are manual dash levers you pull to kill. But if you subsequently attempt to start it and nothing happens, it's not the diesel ckt. So divide and conquer. So, you need do some looking and supply us with more info and we can sharpen your sword.
PS
If you have a 24 volt system, the key switch is one complicated honey and could have, over the years, worn out. Even if it is not 24 volt, the switch is a good place to suspect. And if you have an electrical diesel fuel supply switch and it is fed off power coming thru your switch, you have a common thread. No power (thru the switch) for running the starter and no power to allow diesel to flow to the engine. Mark
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